Re Matthew 23:9
without "the": New International Version 2011, New American Standard, Amplified Bible, English Standard, New King James, New Living, Contemporary English, New Century, God's Word, Common English, 21st Century King James, Holman Christian Standard, Wycliffe, New International Reader's Version, Worldwide English, NIV-UK, NIV 1984, Douay-Rheims,Today's NIV 2005
with "the": KJV, Westcott and Hort Greeek New Testament και πατερα μη καλεσητε υμων επι της γης, American Standard, Young's Literal, Darby
If you go to
http://www.biblegateway.com you can compare different translations. (There are other sites that do this as well.)
The King James, American Standard, Young's Literal and Darby translations include "the"; 15 different versions plus three more editions of the NIV omit "the". Even KJV derivatives (New American Standard, New King James, 21st Century King James) omit "the".
So the question is, why do four versions include "the"? Because it was in the Greek: επι της γης (epi tes ges). Young's Literal Translation - the title clues you in that this version will not sound like idiomatic English; KJV - often did the same kind of thing, making choices that were not at the time idiomatic English for the sake of "flatness" of translation; I won't speak to either the Darby (individual) or American Standard (Catholic) because I don't know enough about their translation principles, though I suspect they are similar to Young's and the KJV, respectively.
Yes, I am another native speaker going on record with the opinion that escoville got it right in #1. (Even though "on the earth" doesn't sound as strange to me as it does to others because I grew up reading and memorizing the King James Version. It still has an impact on my speech and writing.)
BTW, in the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:10), the phrase even in the KJV is "Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven" - not "on the earth" or "in the heaven"; cf. Amy-MiMi's #16. Of the four different Greek versions on the Bible Gateway site, the Westcott-Hort and SBL Greek New Testament do not have της (tes - the), while the 1550 Stephanus (a printing of the Textus Receptus) and the Scrivener do have it. Of the translations and versions cited above, only Young's Literal and Darby have "the". In part this stems from the two different versions of the Greek. In part it stems from the two most literal translations' retaining "the" to reflect in English the Greek original that they had.
While the choices made by the KJV translators were often idiomatic, not all were. Some that were not at the time idiomatic became idiomatic through long usage in the churches of England and the colonies, but some did not. Furthermore, language changes over time. The caveat here is to beware trying to use a Jacobian translation to prove modern usage.